The Swelling Force Model is used to quantitatively describe the mechanical stress caused by the volume change of active materials during the charging and discharging process of batteries, which is particularly important for: the negative electrode materials of lithium-ion/sodium-ion batteries (such as silicon, tin): their volume expansion during charging can reach several times; structural simulation of soft-pack batteries: predicting whether the packaging film can withstand internal pressure; module/cell design: helping to set appropriate pre-tension and buffer structures to avoid bulging, cracking, or failure.
