Noun explanation

An Electric Vehicle (EV) refers to a vehicle that is powered solely or primarily by electricity and driven by an electric motor. Its energy is usually stored in a Battery Pack, which uses an electric motor system to achieve propulsion. Compared to traditional fuel vehicles, it has characteristics such as zero tailpipe emissions, high energy efficiency, and quick response.
Advantages of electric vehicles:
Zero tailpipe emissions, environmental protection
Energy efficiency is much higher than that of fuel vehicles (electric drive efficiency can reach >90%)
Low noise, smooth driving experience
Can interact with smart grids to realize new power modes such as V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid)

The electrical grid refers to the power transmission and distribution network system composed of power generation, transmission, distribution, and power consumption facilities. It is responsible for transmitting the electrical energy generated by power stations through high-voltage transmission lines to load centers, and then distributing it through the distribution network to end users such as residential areas, industrial parks, commercial areas, or energy storage systems (ESS/BESS).

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is an important test method for studying the electrochemical properties of batteries. By applying a small amplitude sine voltage/current excitation within a certain frequency range, the frequency response of the battery (the phase difference and amplitude ratio between voltage and current) is measured to analyze its internal transmission process, electrochemical reaction behavior, and health status.

Electrochemistry is the science that studies the interconversion between electrical energy and chemical energy, covering the principles, kinetics, and interface behavior of electrochemical reactions. It is the theoretical foundation for understanding and designing devices such as batteries, electrolysis, electroplating, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. In the battery industry, electrochemistry constitutes the core mechanism of battery operation, which is to transfer electrons and ions between the anode and cathode through **redox reactions**, thereby achieving the storage and release of electrical energy.

Electrodes (electrode) are a key component in batteries that undergo electrochemical reactions to achieve the interconversion of electrical energy and chemical energy. They are usually composed of active materials, conductive agents, and binders, and are coated on the collector (metal foil). The two electrodes of the battery are respectively called the cathode and the anode, which undergo reduction and oxidation reactions respectively during the charging and discharging process.

Electrolyte (electrolyte or electrolyte) is a key material in batteries that enables ionic conduction, responsible for transferring lithium ions (or other charge carriers) between electrodes, but not conducting electrons. It is the ‘ionic bridge’ connecting the positive and negative electrodes, ensuring the smooth migration of ions during the charging and discharging process of the battery, thus completing the conversion of energy.

Electrolyte Decomposition refers to the process in which solvents, lithium salts, or additives in battery electrolytes undergo chemical or electrochemical decomposition reactions under specific conditions (such as high voltage, high temperature, or electrode reactions), resulting in the formation of gases, solid by-products, or new electrolyte species. This phenomenon is usually irreversible and can affect the performance, safety, and lifespan of the battery.

Electrons are fundamental particles with negative charge, playing a key role in the energy transfer in the working principle of batteries. During the charging and discharging process, electrons flow in the external circuit, forming an electric current, and realizing the conversion between electrical energy and chemical energy.

Electrothermal typically refers to the mutual coupling relationship between electrical and thermal behaviors in battery systems, that is, how electrical parameters such as current, voltage, and internal resistance lead to battery heating, and how temperature changes affect the electrochemical performance and safety of the battery. In practical applications, electrothermal coupling modeling and analysis is an important method for battery system design, simulation, thermal management, and safety prediction.

End of Life (EoL) refers to the state in which a battery is considered no longer suitable for its original use after reaching the predetermined performance degradation limit or safety critical threshold. At this point, although the battery may still have some storage capacity, it cannot meet the original requirements for efficiency, capacity, or reliability.
The significance of EoL in the industry:

For electric vehicle manufacturers: Establishing warranty policies and recycling plans

For energy storage system operators: Conducting asset evaluation and developing replacement strategies

For battery manufacturers: Optimizing design to delay EoL and providing EoL prediction algorithms

In the field of batteries, energy (Energy) refers to the ability of a battery to store and output electrical energy, which is usually expressed in watt-hours (Wh) or kilowatt-hours (kWh). It is a core indicator that measures how much ‘workload’ a battery can provide, determining the runtime or range of the device or vehicle.
The impact of energy on practical applications:
Electric vehicles: The higher the battery energy, the longer the driving range.
Energy storage systems: Energy determines the supply time, especially in peak-valley electricity regulation.
Portable devices: It affects the usage time, such as laptops, drones, and so on.

Energy Density refers to the amount of electrical energy that a battery can store per unit volume or unit mass. It is one of the core indicators for measuring the thinness and endurance capacity of batteries, and is usually expressed in the following two forms:

Gravimetric Energy Density (质量能量密度): Energy per unit mass, unit: Wh/kg
Volumetric Energy Density (体积能量密度): Energy per unit volume, unit: Wh/L
Cautionary Notes:
The increase in energy density often comes with the risk of reduced safety and decreased cycle life.
In practical applications, a balance must be struck between energy density, lifespan, power, and safety.

Energy Integration refers to the process of effectively integrating various energy sources (such as solar energy, wind energy, thermal energy, and electrical energy) with energy storage systems (such as batteries) through systematic design and optimization, to achieve maximum energy utilization efficiency, minimum system cost, and minimum carbon emissions. In the battery and energy storage industry, energy integration particularly emphasizes how to efficiently integrate renewable energy with battery energy storage systems (BESS) to achieve flexible scheduling and stable output.

The Energy Storage Management System (ESMS) is a key software and hardware integrated system for monitoring, controlling, and optimizing the operation of the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). Its main function is to ensure the safety, reliability, efficiency, and economy of the energy storage system, and is commonly used in scenarios such as grid regulation, commercial and industrial energy storage, and electric vehicle charging stations.

ERCOT is the power system operation organization in Texas, United States, with the full name of Electric Reliability Council of Texas (Texas Electric Reliability Council). It is responsible for scheduling and managing about 90% of the power load in Texas, including power generation, grid operation, electricity trading, and market balance. It is an independently operated power market and is known as the only

ESS (Energy Storage System) : refers to a system used to store electrical energy and release it when needed. In a broad sense, it can include mechanical energy storage (such as pumped storage), thermal energy storage, electrochemical energy storage, etc.

BESS (Battery Energy Storage System) : A type of ESS, specifically referring to a system that uses “battery” as the energy storage medium, usually composed of batteries, battery management system (BMS), power conversion system (PCS), energy management system (EMS), etc.

Battery Storage : Battery energy storage is usually a popular name for BESS, used to describe the ability and method of storing electrical energy through batteries.

Fast Charging refers to the technology of charging electricity into the battery at a rate far higher than that of conventional charging, which can usually charge the battery to about 80% within 30 minutes. This technology is widely used in electric vehicles (EV) and energy storage systems to improve charging efficiency and shorten the waiting time for users.
The impact of rapid charging on batteries:
Advantages:
– Significantly reduces recharging time, enhancing user experience
– Supports high-frequency usage scenarios (such as taxi services, shared travel, logistics distribution)

Challenges:
– Easily causes battery temperature rise and material stress
– Accelerates battery aging (especially under high temperature or high SOC charging)
– May produce side reactions such as lithium dendrites and SEI film damage

Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) is a primary frequency regulation service in the power system, designed to quickly respond within a few seconds to stabilize the grid frequency when deviations occur in the grid frequency (usually within ±200 mHz). FCR is the first line of defense in maintaining the instantaneous balance of the power system and is a core component of the market-based frequency regulation service system in the European mainland synchronous grid (such as Germany, France, the Netherlands, and other countries).

A flow battery is a rechargeable battery system characterized by storing energy in liquid electrolytes contained in external tanks. The electrolytes are circulated by a pump to the electrode area of the battery stack where oxidation-reduction reactions occur to release or store electrical energy. Unlike traditional solid-state batteries, the power and capacity of flow batteries can be independently designed, making them very suitable for large-scale energy storage applications.