Noun explanation

ISOs (Independent System Operators) are independent organizations responsible for scheduling the operation of power grids within specific regions, managing the wholesale electricity market, and ensuring the safety and reliability of the power system. They are widely present in regions such as the United States and Canada, aiming to carry out neutral, fair, and efficient scheduling between power generation resources and load.

Joule (Joule, abbreviated as J) is the standard unit used in the International System of Units to represent energy, heat, or work. In the battery industry, Joule is used to measure:

– The energy stored or released by the battery;

– System losses (such as Joule heat);

– Energy changes in electrochemical reactions.

KPI (Key Performance Indicator) is a quantitative measure used to assess whether a task, system, or process meets the expected goals. In the battery and energy storage industry, KPIs are used to evaluate the performance and health status of various dimensions such as battery cells, modules, systems, processes, supply chains, and operational efficiency.
The role of KPIs:

R&D phase: guide material selection and system optimization;
Manufacturing phase: control product quality and improve production line efficiency;
Application phase: optimize operational strategies and ensure system reliability;
Supply chain level: ensure cost, delivery, and resource sustainability.

LCO refers to lithium cobalt oxide (chemical formula: LiCoO₂), which is a common cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Since Sony first commercialized it in 1991, LCO has been widely used as a cathode material in early lithium-ion batteries and is still widely used in consumer electronics such as mobile phones, laptops, tablets, and other fields to this day.
Application scenarios:
Smartphones
Laptops
Digital cameras
Tablets and other thin and light devices with high energy density requirements

LFP is a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries with the chemical formula LiFePO₄. It is renowned for its high safety, long lifespan, and low cost, and is widely used as a battery material system in electric vehicles (EV) and energy storage systems (ESS) at present.
Typical Application Scenarios:
Electric Vehicles (EV): Especially for medium and short-range vehicles, such as BYD, Tesla Model 3 Standard Range Edition
Electric Buses and Special Vehicles: Popular due to high safety and long lifespan
Energy Storage Systems (BESS): Residential energy storage, commercial and industrial energy storage, grid-level energy storage projects
Light Electric Vehicles and Tooling Equipment

Lithium (Li) is a lightweight metal element with an atomic number of 3. It is an indispensable key material in the battery industry and is widely used in lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion battery). It is the preferred core element for high-energy density energy storage systems due to its extremely high electrochemical activity and the lightest metal properties.
Lithium elements usually exist in the electrolyte in the form of ions (Li⁺), migrating back and forth between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery to achieve the conversion of energy charging and discharging. Common lithium-containing materials include:

Anode materials: metallic lithium (used in lithium metal batteries), lithium-intercalated graphite (LiC₆)

Cathode materials: LFP (lithium iron phosphate), NMC (trivalent), LCO (lithium cobalt oxide), etc.

Electrolyte: lithium salts such as LiPF₆, LiBF₄, etc.

Lithium plating refers to the phenomenon of forming metal lithium deposits on the negative electrode surface of lithium-ion batteries, which usually occurs under conditions such as rapid charging, low-temperature charging, or battery aging. It is an irreversible or partially reversible side reaction and is considered one of the key mechanisms that trigger capacity degradation, safety risks, and the formation of lithium dendrites.
During normal charging, lithium ions are embedded into the crystal structure of the negative electrode (such as graphite). However, under the following conditions, lithium ions cannot be embedded in time and are directly reduced to metallic lithium on the surface of the negative electrode:

Li-ion Battery is a rechargeable battery that mainly stores and releases energy through the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions (Li⁺) between the positive and negative electrodes. Due to its high energy density, long life, low self-discharge rate, and other advantages, it is now widely used in fields such as electric vehicles (EV), consumer electronics, and energy storage systems (ESS).
The working principle: When charging, lithium ions are stripped from the positive electrode → pass through the electrolyte → embed in the negative electrode (graphite). When discharging, lithium ions are stripped from the negative electrode → pass through the electrolyte → embed in the positive electrode material. This process is accompanied by the flow of electrons in the external circuit, forming an electric current.

LMFP is an improved phosphate cathode material with the chemical structure of LiFe₁₋ₓMnₓPO₄. It is a solid solution formed by introducing manganese (Mn) elements on the basis of traditional LFP (lithium iron phosphate). Its purpose is to enhance the energy density and working voltage while retaining the high safety and long life advantages of LFP, and is considered one of the next-generation high-performance and cost-effective power and energy storage battery materials.

LMO refers to lithium manganese oxide (chemical formula: LiMn₂O₄), which is a cathode material widely used in lithium-ion batteries. It has characteristics such as low cost, high safety, and good discharge rate, and is commonly used in electric tools, electric bicycles, and some electric vehicles. It is also often mixed with other materials such as NMC to optimize performance.

LMT refers to a lightweight vehicle powered by electricity, with small size, light weight, moderate speed, and suitable for short-distance travel. It includes electric two-wheeled vehicles, electric three-wheeled vehicles, electric skateboards, and electric bicycles (e-bikes), and is an important vehicle for urban micro-mobility, logistics distribution, and shared travel.
Application Trends:
Asia-Pacific region is the largest market for LMT, particularly widely used in China, India, and Southeast Asia;
The rapidly developing swappable battery model promotes operational convenience and user experience;
Shared mobility platforms drive the rapid popularization of e-bikes and e-scooters;
Policies promote green travel, and LMT is included in the city’s carbon reduction and transportation system optimization strategy.

LAMne(Loss of Active Material – negative electrode) refers to a degradation mechanism in the process of using lithium-ion batteries, where the active material in the negative electrode gradually fails or is unable to participate in electrochemical reactions, leading to a decrease in battery capacity. LAMneₑ is one of the key paths for the battery’s **irreversible aging (irreversible degradation)**.
Engineering impact:
Reversible capacity decline: leads to reduced cycle life
Rate performance deterioration: due to contact loss, ion/electron transfer is hindered
Safety decline: if due to lithium plating, thermal stability is reduced
Increased internal resistance: affects fast charging and discharging performance

LAMpe (Loss of Active Material – positive electrode) refers to the phenomenon where the positive electrode material of a lithium-ion battery loses its ability to participate in electrochemical reactions due to mechanisms such as structural damage, surface reactions, and dissolution during the cycling or storage process, leading to the decline of battery performance. LAMpe is one of the important aging pathways affecting battery life and safety, commonly found in high-energy-density batteries (such as NMC, NCA systems).
Engineering impact:
Irreversible capacity loss
Reduced rate performance (due to blockage of electronic/ionic pathways)
Shortened cycle life
Increased risk of lithium plating (metal migration may induce lithium deposition at the negative electrode)

Loss of electrical contact refers to the breakdown or loss of the electronic connection between the electrode material and the conductive pathway (such as the collector, conductive agent network, or other active particles) during the operation or aging of the battery. This leads to some active materials being unable to participate in the charging and discharging reactions, thereby causing performance degradation phenomena such as capacity decline and increased internal resistance.
Performance Impact:
Battery capacity decline: Although the active substances have not degraded, they are unable to effectively participate in the reaction.
Increase in internal resistance: The rise in contact impedance is manifested as a decrease in rate performance.
Increased local heating: High contact resistance areas may cause hotspots, posing safety hazards.
Irreversible performance degradation: The active materials permanently ‘lose contact,’ and cannot be repaired.

LLI refers to the phenomenon where the number of lithium ions that can participate in reversible charge-discharge reactions in lithium-ion batteries decreases during use, leading to irreversible capacity degradation. Although the cathode and anode materials still maintain structural integrity, LLI results in an insufficient ‘bridge’ of lithium ions between them, thereby limiting the normal storage and retrieval of energy. LLI is one of the most critical degradation mechanisms in the early and long-term aging process of lithium batteries.

LTO refers to lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂), which is a negative electrode material used in lithium-ion batteries and is known for its ultra-fast charging capability, ultra-long cycle life, and excellent safety. Unlike traditional graphite negative electrodes, the electrochemical properties of LTO make it particularly suitable for high-rate charging and discharging applications and those with extremely high safety requirements.

Machine learning models are algorithmic systems that automatically learn patterns from data to make predictions, classifications, or control decisions. In the battery industry, machine learning models are widely used in various scenarios such as battery design, health state estimation (SoH), life span prediction, aging modeling, anomaly detection, fault warning, and optimization of charging and discharging strategies.

In the field of batteries and energy storage systems (BESS, ESS), Maintenance refers to the regular or on-demand activities of inspection, cleaning, testing, calibration, repair, or replacement of the battery itself and its auxiliary equipment (such as BMS, cooling system, inverter, etc.) to ensure the safe, reliable, and efficient operation of the system.

In battery systems (such as EV batteries, energy storage stations, consumer electronics), malfunctions refer to abnormal states such as functional failure, performance deviation, safety anomalies, or communication interruption that occur during the operation of equipment or systems. These failures may affect the stability, safety, or availability of the system, and even lead to thermal runaway, explosion, or power outage accidents.