Battery state estimation refers to the process of calculating key internal parameters of a battery—such as State of Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH), State of Power (SOP), and State of Energy (SOE)—using a combination of measurements, mathematical models, and algorithms. These parameters are not directly measurable but are essential for the safe and efficient operation of batteries, especially in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESS).
Battery state estimation is a core function of the BMS, which uses the results to:
Prevent overcharge/over-discharge
Predict range in EVs
Optimize charging and discharging rates
Enable thermal and safety protections
Track battery aging and schedule maintenance or replacement
